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Version numbering
Oracle products have historically followed their own release-numbering and naming conventions. With the Oracle RDBMS 10g release, Oracle Corporation started standardizing all current versions of its major products using the "10g" label, although some sources continued to refer to Oracle Applications Release 11i as Oracle 11i. Major database-related products and some of their versions include:
- Oracle Application Server 10g (also known as "Oracle AS 10g"): a middleware product;
- Oracle Applications Release 11i (aka Oracle e-Business Suite, Oracle Financials or Oracle 11i): a suite of business applications;
- Oracle Developer Suite 10g (9.0.4);
- Oracle JDeveloper 10g: a Java integrated development environment;
Since version 7, Oracle's RDBMS release numbering has used the following codes:
- Oracle7: 7.0.16 — 7.3.4
- Oracle8 Database: 8.0.3 — 8.0.6
- Oracle8i Database Release 1: 8.1.5.0 — 8.1.5.1
- Oracle8i Database Release 2: 8.1.6.0 — 8.1.6.3
- Oracle8i Database Release 3: 8.1.7.0 — 8.1.7.4
- Oracle9i Database Release 1: 9.0.1.0 — 9.0.1.5 (patchset as of December 2003[update])
- Oracle9i Database Release 2: 9.2.0.1 — 9.2.0.8 (patchset as of April 2007[update])
- Oracle Database 10g Release 1: 10.1.0.2 — 10.1.0.5 (patchset as of February 2006[update])
- Oracle Database 10g Release 2: 10.2.0.1 — 10.2.0.4 (patchset as of April 2008[update])
- Oracle Database 11g Release 1: 11.1.0.6 — 11.1.0.7 (patchset as of September 2008[update])
The version-numbering syntax within each release follows the pattern: major.maintenance.application-server.component-specific.platform-specific.
For example, "10.2.0.1 for 64-bit Solaris" means: 10th major version of Oracle, maintenance level 2, Oracle Application Server (OracleAS) 0, level 1 for Solaris 64-bit.
The Oracle Administrator's Guide offers further information on Oracle release numbers. Oracle Corporation provides a table[23] showing the latest patch-set releases by major release, operating-system, and hardware-architecture.
History
Corporate/technical timeline
| This article or section may contain an inappropriate mixture of prose and timeline. Please help convert this timeline into prose or, if necessary, a list. |
- 1979: Larry Ellison and friends founded Software Development Laboratories.
- 1979: SDL changed its company-name to "Relational Software, Inc." (RSI) and introduced its product Oracle V2 as an early commercially-available relational database system. The version did not support transactions, but implemented the basic SQL functionality of queries and joins. (RSI never released a version 1 - instead calling the first version version 2 as a marketing gimmick.)[19]
- 1982: RSI in its turn changed its name, becoming known as "Oracle Corporation",[20] to align itself more closely with its flagship product.
- 1983: The company released Oracle version 3, which it had re-written using the C programming language and which supported
COMMITandROLLBACKfunctionality for transactions. Version 3 extended platform support from the existing Digital VAX/VMS systems to include Unix environments.[20] - 1984: Oracle Corporation released Oracle version 4, which supported read-consistency.
- 1985: Oracle Corporation released Oracle version 5, which supporting the client-server model, with networks becoming more widely available in the mid-1980s.
- 1986: Oracle version 5.1 supported distributed queries.
- 1988: Oracle RDBMS version 6 came out with support for PL/SQL embedded within Oracle Forms v3 (version 6 could not store PL/SQL in the database proper), row-level locking and hot backups.[21]
- 1989: Oracle Corporation entered the application products market and developed its ERP product, (later to become part of the Oracle E-Business Suite), based on the Oracle relational database.
- 1990: the release of Oracle Applications release 8[20]
- 1992: Oracle version 7 appeared with support for referential integrity, stored procedures and triggers.
- 1997: Oracle Corporation released version 8, which supported object-oriented development and multimedia applications.
- 1999: The release of Oracle8i aimed to provide a database inter-operating better with the Internet (the i in the name stands for "Internet"). The Oracle 8i database incorporated a native Java virtual machine (Oracle JVM).
- 2000: Oracle E-Business Suite 11i pioneers integrated enterprise application software[20]
- 2001: Oracle9i went into release with 400 new features, including the ability to read and write XML documents. 9i also provided an option for Oracle RAC, or "Real Application Clusters", a computer-cluster database, as a replacement for the Oracle Parallel Server (OPS) option.
- 2003: Oracle Corporation released Oracle Database 10g. (The g stands for "grid"; emphasizing a marketing thrust of presenting 10g as "grid-computing ready".)
- 2005: Oracle Database 10.2.0.1 — also known as Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (10gR2) — appeared.
- 2006: Oracle Corporation announces Unbreakable Linux[20]
- 2007: Oracle Database 10g Release 2 Sets New World Record TPC-H 3000 GB Benchmark Result[22]
- 2007: Oracle Corporation released Oracle Database 11g for Linux and for Microsoft Windows.
- 2008: Oracle Corporation acquires BEA Systems.
User processes, connections and sessions
Oracle Database terminology distinguishes different computer-science terms in describing how end-users interact with the database:
- user processes involve the invocation of application software[13]
- a connection refers to the pathway linking a user process to an Oracle instance[14]
- sessions consist of specific connections to an Oracle instance.[15] Each session within an instance has a session identifier or "SID"[16]
(distinct from the system-identifier SID).
Process architecture [edit] Oracle processes
The Oracle RDBMS typically relies on a group of processes running simultaneously in the background and interacting to further and monitor database operations. Such processes (and their standard abbreviations) can include:[12]
- archiver processes (ARCn)
- checkpoint process (CKPT)
- coordinator-of-job-queues process (CJQn): dynamically spawns slave processes for job-queues
- database writer processes (DBWn)
- dispatcher processes (Dnnn): multiplex server-processes on behalf of users
- memory-manager process (MMAN): used for internal database tasks such as Automatic Shared Memory Management
- log-writer process (LGWR)
- log-write network-server (LNSn): transmits redo logs in Data Guard environments
- logical standby coordinator process (LSP0): controls Data Guard log-application
- media-recovery process (MRP): detached recovery-server process
- memory-monitor process (MMON)
- memory-monitor light process (MMNL): gathers and stores Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) data
- process-monitor process (PMON)
- process-spawner (PSP0): spawns Oracle processes
- queue-monitor processes (QMNn)
- recoverer process (RECO)
- remote file-server process (RFS)
- shared server processes (Snnn): serve client-requests
- system monitor process (SMON)
Program Global Area
The Program Global Area[11] or PGA memory-area contains data and control-information for Oracle's server-processes.
The size and content of the PGA depends on the Oracle-server options installed. This area consists of the following components:
- stack-space: the memory that holds the session's variables, arrays, and so on.
- session-information: unless using the multithreaded server, the instance stores its session-information in the PGA. (In a multithreaded server, the session-information goes in the SGA.)
- private SQL-area: an area in the PGA which holds information such as bind-variables and runtime-buffers.
- sorting area: an area in the PGA which holds information on sorts, hash-joins, etc.
